Microsoft (MSFT) — Graham Research Note

Date: 2026-05-08 Price: $416.25 (-25% from 52w high $555.45 on 2025-07-31) Verdict: Watchable, not a slam-dunk buy. First of the three (vs INTC, MU) where the Growth Stock Addendum (shr-004) actually works — implied growth ~6.5% is well below demonstrated ~12% EPS CAGR. Pulled back to near the lowest analyst PT ($400). Quality compounder in a 25% drawdown is a different proposition from chasing momentum highs.


Snapshot

Item Value
Market cap $3.09T
Shares out 7,429M (-1.5% over 4 years; net buybacks shrinking as SBC rises)
52w range $356.28 – $555.45
1y / 3y / 5y return -4.3% / +38% / +76%
Dividend 0.87% yield, 23 years no cut, 21 consecutive raises ($3.40 FY25)
Trailing P/E 24.8x (TTM EPS $16.78)
Forward P/E (FY26) 21.5x ($19.35 cons)
P/B 7.5x (7.5x reported; tangible book ~$37/sh → ~11x P/TBV)
Net cash +$21.3B
Drawdown from peak -25.1% (this matters per shr-012)

Graham 7-Filter Scorecard

Filter Result Notes
Size PASS $3.09T market cap
Current ratio ≥2.0 FAIL (marginal) 1.28x — this is the closest miss
10yr earnings stability PASS Clean 20+ years, no losses
20yr uninterrupted dividend PASS 23 years, never cut, 21 consecutive raises
EPS growth +33% over 10yr PASS FY15 EPS $1.48 → FY25 $13.64 = +821%
P/E ≤15x FAIL 24.8x trailing / 21.5x forward
P/B ≤1.5x FAIL 7.5x; P/E×P/B = 186 (cap 22.5)

Score: 4/7 — best of the three (INTC 1/7, MU 3/7). Fails are P/E, P/B, and current ratio (the latter is marginal at 1.28x and reflects a quality balance sheet, not distress).

This is exactly the profile shr-004 was written for: a quality growth compounder that fails defensive value filters but should be screened with the Growth Stock Addendum.

Five-Year Growth (FY ends June)

FY Revenue Op Inc Net Inc Diluted EPS OCF CapEx Reported FCF Op Margin
2021 ~$168B ~$70B ~$61B ~$8.05 ~$76B $20B ~$56B 42%
2022 $198B $83B $73B $9.65 $89B $24B $65B 42%
2023 $212B $89B $72B $9.68 $88B $28B $60B 42%
2024 $245B $109B $88B $11.80 $119B $44B $74B 45%
2025 $282B $128B $102B $13.64 $136B $65B $72B 46%
TTM $318B ~$152B $125B $16.78 $170B $97B $73B ~47%

3-year revenue CAGR 12%; 3-year EPS CAGR 12%+. Operating margins are expanding, not compressing, despite the AI capex surge. This is the critical anti-shr-032 signal.

Recent Quarters (Beats Holding)

Quarter EPS Actual Cons Beat Azure cc YoY
Q4 FY25 $3.65 $3.38 +8.1% +35%
Q1 FY26 $4.13 $3.66 +12.7% +33%
Q2 FY26 $4.14 $3.92 +5.7% +31%
Q3 FY26 $4.27 $4.06 +5.2% +33%

Azure growing 31-35% in constant currency, four quarters running. Beat spread is narrowing — the easy upside is gone.

AI Narrative Test (shr-032) — PASSES

This is the cleanest pass on shr-032 of any AI-exposed name screened so far:

Unlike CSCO/HPE/ADSK ("AI fog machine") or NOW/CRM ("AI wrappers"), MSFT's AI revenue and margin expansion are visible in segment data.

SBC-Adjusted FCF (shr-001)

Year Reported FCF SBC SBC-adj FCF Margin
FY22 $65B $7.5B $58B 29%
FY23 $60B $9.6B $50B 24%
FY24 $74B $10.7B $63B 26%
FY25 $72B $12.0B $60B 21%
TTM $73B $12.4B $61B 19%

Critical risk: TTM CapEx $97B = 57% of OCF (vs 27% in FY22). The AI infrastructure ROI cycle is the central uncertainty. Bull: revenue acceleration validates the build. Bear: capex hardens into structural burden as depreciation ramps over FY27-30.

Implied Growth (Graham formula) — The Bull Argument

g = (P/E - 8.5) / 2

Per shr-003, the trailing/forward gap is small (1.6 ppt) — no profitability inflection being priced. The market is pricing continuation, not acceleration.

Per shr-004 (Growth Stock Addendum): buy when implied growth ≤ achievable growth + margin.

This is the first stock screened in this exercise where the Growth Stock Addendum gives an unambiguously favorable read.

Graham V Sensitivity Table (per shr-012, forward EPS $19.35)

Sustained growth Graham V MoS vs $416
5% $358 -14%
7% $435 +5%
10% $551 +33%
12% $629 +51%
15% $745 +79%

Breakeven growth: ~6.5%. If you believe MSFT can sustain ≥7% EPS growth (vs 12% demonstrated), you have positive expected return. At 10% — below recent CAGR — there's 33% MoS.

Insider Signal (shr-002) — Mixed, Slight Negative

Open-market BUYS (12 months):

Open-market SELLS:

Key reading: The Stanton buy at $397 is the actionable signal. He's an independent director (not founding family per shr-035) buying his own money $2M of stock 3 months ago. Current price $416 is +4.7% above his entry — you're effectively buying alongside him at a small premium. Per shr-002, this matters more than C-suite sells which were mostly into 2025 highs ($500+).

Counterweight: TCI (Hohn) reportedly dumped ~$8B stake — sophisticated long-only exiting. Worth watching but TCI rotates frequently.

Analyst Targets

Recent News Flags

Why This One Is Different from INTC and MU

INTC MU MSFT
Position vs 52w high At high At high -25%
vs mean analyst PT +44-79% +28% -26%
Graham score 1/7 3/7 4/7
Growth Stock Addendum Fails (34-48% req) Marginal Passes (6.5% req vs 12% delivered)
FCF Negative 4 yrs Capex-suppressed Positive, large, but margin-compressing
Insider signal Recent CLO sell at high All C-suite selling Director bought Feb @ $397
Dividend Suspended Tiny, recent 23 yrs, never cut
AI narrative test (shr-032) Story not in financials Cyclical proxy In segment data

Risks That Argue Against Buying Today

  1. Capex digestion ahead: $97B TTM capex hits depreciation FY27-29. Margins will compress. The AI ROI cycle is unproven.
  2. Beat magnitudes shrinking (8% → 5%) — easy upside gone.
  3. TCI exit — sophisticated long-only seller seeing what?
  4. Reverse correlation to capex profitability: if hyperscaler ROI fears compound (Coreweave etc.), MSFT capex narrative inverts.
  5. Current ratio 1.28 is near-Graham-fail (the only quality metric showing wear).
  6. shr-020 caveat: same-day red-flag check still required before any actual buy — including Q4 FY26 guidance and any new AI capex revisions.

Tentative View

This is the only one of the three names screened where the framework supports a starter position consideration, not just "pass." At $416:

But:

Practical conclusion for this portfolio: Already owned indirectly via VWCE (MSFT is ~5% of MSCI ACWI). Adding direct MSFT exposure on top of VWCE creates concentration to the same risk. The Graham satellite is for idiosyncratic value bets (AGN.AS, RI.PA, AIG) that VWCE doesn't tilt toward. MSFT direct adds market beta, not idiosyncratic alpha.

If you wanted dedicated US tech exposure, MSFT at $416 is the most defensible entry of any name screened recently. But it doesn't fit the satellite mandate. Watch, don't buy — would reconsider on a further drawdown to <$380 (toward Graham V at 5% growth) or stronger insider buy signal.

When Would It Become a Direct Buy